![]() From the host perspective, symbioses between metazoans and microbes provide a synergetic impact to operate essential functions for normal growth, development and behavior 2, 3, 4. ![]() The evolution of morphology and function of animal organ systems may have been influenced by interactions with their microbial partners 1. Metazoan genomes have diversified and evolved in the presence of associated host microbiota. The initial results on axolotl microbiota provide novel insights into microbiological aspects of axolotl metamorphosis and will establish a baseline for future in-depth studies. We also reproduced the previous finding on reduction in regenerative capacity in limbs of axolotl following metamorphosis, highlighting the need to investigate whether shifts in microbiota is causally linked to regenerative capacity of axolotl. Fecal microbiota of neotenic and metamorphic axolotl shared relatively higher similarity, suggesting that diet continues to shape microbiota despite fundamental transformations in the host digestive organs. Skin microbiota among others, shifted sharply, as highlighted by a major transition from Firmicutes-enriched to Proteobacteria-enriched relative abundance and precipitously decreased diversity. Our results show that distinct bacterial communities inhabit individual organs of axolotl and undergo substantial restructuring through metamorphosis. Here, we systematically compared host bacterial microbiota associated with skin, stomach, gut tissues and fecal samples, between neotenic and metamorphic axolotls based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. ![]() However, microbiological consequences of this experimental procedure, such as host microbiota response, remain largely unknown. Despite life-long neoteny in nature and in captive-bred colonies, metamorphosis of these animals can be experimentally induced by administering Thyroid hormones (THs). Axolotl ( Ambystoma mexicanum) is a critically endangered salamander species and a model organism for regenerative and developmental biology.
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